Musuh Alami OPT Padi

PADI SAWAH

Morfologi: IRRI, Fase Pertumbuhan: IRRI, Daftar Istilah: IRRI,

Penggerek Padi

Parasitoid telur:

Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): IRRI,

Telenomus rowani (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): IRRI,

Telenomus dignus (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): NHM-UK,

Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): NBAII,

Predator telur:

meadow grasshoppers – Conocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): IRRI,

crickets, Metioche vittataicollis (Stal) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae):

Parasitoid larva dan pupa:

Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): NBAII,

Temelucha philippinensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): IRRI,

Stenobracon nicevillei (Bingham) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): NBAII,

Bracon chinensis Szepligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Tropobracon schoenobii (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Xanthopimpla stemmator (Thunberg) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): NBAII, WaspWeb,

Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (=Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer, Tetrastichus israeli (Mani & Kurian), T. israelensis (Mani & Kurian)) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): NBAII,

Predator larva:

Lady beetles, Micraspis spp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Carabid beetles, Ophionea spp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Rove beetle, Paederus fuscipes Curtis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): NBAII,

Water bug, Microvelia douglasi atrolineata Bergroth (Hemiptera: Veliidae): IRRI,

Water bug, Mesovelia vittigera (Horvath) (Hemiptera: Mesoveliidae): IRRI,

Water bug, Limnogonus fossarum (F.) (Hemiptera: Gerridae): IRRI,

Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Predator penting lainnya:

Anthocorid bug – Euspudaeus sp., (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

Wolf spider – Lycosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg and Strand) (Araneae: Lycosidae): OzAnimals,

Black drongo – Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein)(Dicruridae): Wikipedia,

Jamur patogenik:

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Moniliales: Moniliaceae): BCRC, Blueswami, HiddenForest, MBC, MycoBank, UoGuelph,

Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson (Moniliales: Moniliaceae): IRRI, MycoBank,

Cordyceps sp. (Entomophthoraceae): Wikipedia, MycoBank (klik tautan),

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacteria): Cornell, CSU, NCBI, UCSD, Wikipedia,

An unidentified nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Ulat Penggulung Daun

Parasitoid telur:

Copidosomopsis nacoleiae (Eady) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae): IRRI,

Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): NBAII, PAN Germany,

Predator telur:

Cricket – Anaxipha longipennis (Serville) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): IRRI,

Cricket – Metioche vittaticollis (Stal) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): IRRI,

Mirid bug – Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae): IRRI,

Lady bird beetle – Micraspis crocera Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): IRRI,

Parasitoid larva dan pupa:

Goniozus nr. trangulifar Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Bathylidae): IRRI,

Cotesia angustibasis (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): IRRI,

Cardiochiles philippinensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): IRRI,

Macrocentrus philippinensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): IRRI,

Trichomma cnaphalocrosis Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): IRRI,

Temelucha philippinensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): IRRI,

Xanthopimpla flavolineata Cameron (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): IRRI,

Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (=Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer, Tetrastichus israeli (Mani & Kurian), T. israelensis (Mani & Kurian)) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): NBAII,

Mikroba patogenik:

Entomopahogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner: UCSD-Bt, The University of Edinburg Microbial World, Microbe Wiki, McGill University Ecological Agriculture Project, University of Lethbridge (microphotographs), Mycrobiology Atlas, Visual Photos (SEM),

granulosis virus: lookfordiagnosis,

Wereng

Parasitoid telur:

Oligosita yasumatsui Viggiani et Subba Rao (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae):

Anagrus spp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae): UCR-ABCR A. epos, WSU-TFREC,

Gonatocerus spp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae): IRRI, Orders of Critical Believers, University of Florida IFAS, CDFA, Invasive.org, UCR-ABCR G. tuberculiferum, UCR-ABCR G. deleoni,

Predator telur dan nimfa:

Green mired bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae): IRRI, Pelita Kabad,

Parasitoid nimfa dan imago:

Pseudogonatopus spp., (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae): IRRI,

Haplogonatopus apicalis Perkins (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae): IRRI,

Echthorodelphax fairchildi Perkins (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae)

Elenchus yasumatsui Kefune and Hirashima (Hymenoptera: Strepsiptera): IRRI, CTPM University of Queensland,

Tomosvaryella spp. (Hymenoptera: Pipunculidae): IRRI T. oryzaetora, Tree of Life Web Tomosvaryella, Tree of Life Web Pipunculidae,

Pipunculus spp. (Hymenoptera: Pipunculidae ): IRRI, Tree of Life Web Pipunculus, Tree of Life Web Pipunculidae,

Predator nimfa dan imago:

Wolf spider – Lycosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg and Strand) (Araneae: Lycosidae): Spiders of Australia, OzAnimals, termasuk dalam kelompok laba-laba pemburu (hunting spiders): OzAnimals, Wolf Spiders of Australia, Arachne,

Water bug – Microvelia douglasi atrolineata Bergroth (Hemiptera: Veliidae): IRRI,

Lynx spider – Oxyopes spp. (Araneae: Oxyopidae): Spider of Australia, Spiderling, OzAnimals, termasuk dalam kelompok laba-laba penyergap dan pemancing (ambusher and angler spiders): OzAnimals, Arachne,

Long-jawed spider – Tetragnatha spp., (Araneae: Tetragnathidae): Spiders of;Australia, OzAnimals, termasuk dalam kelompok laba-laba ahli pembuat jaring (master weaver spiders): OzAnimals, Arachne,

Rove beetle – Paederus fuscipes Curtis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): University of Florida IFAS Extension, NBAII, hati-hati, dapat menyebabkan iritasi kulit: FormosaHut,

Ground beetle – Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel) (Coleoptera: Carabidae): IRRI, PAN Germany, University of Kentucky Entomology1, University of Kentucky Entomology2, Texas A&M University Entomology,

Jamur patogenik:

Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Moniliales: Moniliaceae): MycoBank (klik tautan), Green Muscle, Topics in Sustainable Ecological Agriculture, BCRC, PNAS, AFFRC growth on plate, AFFRC micrographs, Mushroom Observer, Mycologia, JIS1, JIS2,

 Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Roszypal (Moniliales: Moniliaceae): MycoBank (klik tautan), IITA, CIRAD, Deakon’s Fungal Biology, Mycologia, AFFRC, IITA Image Library, IITA Publications,

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Moniliales: Moniliaceae): Blueswami, HiddenForest, MBC, MycoBank, UoGuelph, JIS1, , JIS2,

Hirsutella citriformis Speare (Moniliales: Stilbaceae): MycoBank,

Erynia delphacis (Hori.) (Entomophthoraceae): MycoBank,

Entomophthora coronata (Constantin) Kevorkian (Entomophthoraceae): MycoBank,

Nematoda patogenik:

Hexamermis sp. (Mermithidae)

Agamermis unka Kaburaki & Imamura

Referensi:

Johnson, N.F. 2012. Platygastroidea. Accessed from: http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymDB/eol_scelionidae.home

Nieuwenhuys, E. 2012. Spiders of Australia. Accessed from: http://ednieuw.home.xs4all.nl/australian/Spidaus.html

Save Our Waterways Now, 2008. Arachne.org.au. Accessed from: http://www.arachne.org.au/

Dragiša Savić ? Nature Photography. Accessed from: http://www.naturefg.com/index.html

Hlasek, J. ? Photo Gallery wildlife pictures. Accessed from: http://www.hlasek.com/index.html

Software:

DrawWing for Insect identification: program gratis untuk mengidentifikasi serangga dengan menggunakan hasil pindaian (scan) sayap.